Air-Oil Heat Exchangers (5)
The “Drain” cooling method can only relieve part of the heat created by variable displacement pumps, whereby the remaining heat, from pump main-outlet to the working systems, will gradually increase the oil heat. Most people always focused on the fact that oil heat from the pump “Drain-Port” requires more attention, without realizing that the oil temperature level, from pump main-outlet, actually increases gradually and it also requires a similar attention.
Basically a “Separate” cooling method is advisable. If a “Return-Line” cooling method is used, a “by-pass” system is required, and in the case of incorrect installation, it may cause a cooler failure. In applying this method, one has to install a small pump, where the heated oil is circulated through the cooler and returns the oil back to the reservoir. This system has no pressure peaks within the hydraulic system. It will provide a safe & positive result. An economic coolant pump can be used in this “Separate” cooling system. In the case of a “Return-Line” cooling method being selected, please refer to your supplier for further assistance.
Most people felt that “Air-Oil Cooler” could only be effectively applied to lower Horse Power(HP) hydraulic systems, but with today’s technology, “Air-Oil Cooler” cooling system becomes more efficient for Heat Exchanger solutions. As a result, it could work with higher Horse Power(HP). e.g.: Even an “Air-Oil Cooler” unit with a single fan is able to work efficiently in a 100 HP Hydraulic Power Unit
The “Return-Line”cooling method is commonly used in China & Taiwan while the “Separate” cooling method is commonly used in USA & EUROPE. That is because, in China & Taiwan, hydraulic companies are using the assembling methods of “Water-Oil Cooler’ for “Air-Oil Cooler” application. you can find the disadvantages of using “Return-Line” cooling method in the following:
1). The absence of a “by-pass” or an incorrect cooling “by-pass” installation, may cause the cooler to burst.
2). Check Valve spring damage, caused by “Return-Line” flow action.
3). Inconsistency of heated oil from “Return-Line” flow will cause a negative effect on the hydraulic system.
4). Further to these factor, production stoppages fro repair purposes
“Separate” cooling method does not relate direct to the hydraulic system therefore will not have a negative effect despite the above disadvantages factors, because it is a separate unit entity by itself. Also the cooler unit failure will not effect the hydraulic operating system.
Flow Rate is one of the common ways that is mostly used to select a “Water-Oil Cooler” cooling system with no specific reason.Flow Rate is unable to provide a specific measurement of heat. Cooling is a supplementary support to Hydraulic systems and not just a part of the Hydraulic Components. Therefore a design and selection work is required before purchasing. For cooling measurement, equilibrium between the heat created by an Hydraulic system and the heat dissipated by a cooling unit is required.
Convertion of Units (1)
| Pressure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit/Unit | kgf/cm2 | Mpa | bar | lb/in2(psi) |
| kgf/cm2 | 1 | 0.0981 | 0.981 | 14.22 |
| Mpa | 10.2 | 1 | 10 | 145 |
| bar | 1,02 | 1.01 | 1 | 14.5 |
| lb/in2(psi) | 0.0703 | 0.00689 | 0.0689 | 1 |
| Length | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit/Unit | mm | cm | m | in | ft | yd |
| mm | 1 | 0.1 | 0.001 | 0.03937 | 0.003281 | 0.001094 |
| cm | 0.1 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.3937 | 0.03281 | 0.01094 |
| m | 1000 | 100 | 1 | 39.37 | 3.281 | 1.0936 |
| in | 25.4 | 2.54 | 0.0254 | 1 | 0.08333 | 0.02778 |
| ft | 304.8 | 30.48 | 0.3048 | 12 | 1 | 0.3333 |
| yd | 914.4 | 91.44 | 0.9144 | 36 | 3 | 1 |
| Weight | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit/Unit | kg | ton | lb |
| kg | 1 | 0.001 | 2.20462 |
| ton | 1000 | 1 | 0.00220462 |
| lb | 0.453593 | 0.0004536 | 1 |
| Area | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit/Unit | m2 | cm2 | mm2 | in2 |
| m2 | 1 | 10000 | 1000000 | 1550 |
| cm2 | 0.0001 | 1 | 100 | 0.155 |
| mm2 | 0.000001 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.00155 |
| in2 | 0.000645 | 6.4516129 | 645.1613 | 1 |
| Volume | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit/Unit | L | cc(cm3) | U.S.GAL. | in3 |
| L | 1 | 1000 | 0.264178 | 61.026 |
| cc(cm3) | 0.001 | 1 | 0.000264178 | 0.061026 |
| U.S.GAL. | 3.78533 | 0.0037853 | 1 | 231 |
| in3 | 0.016387 | 16.387 | 0.004329 | 1 |
| Torque | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit/Unit | N.m | kgf.m | lb.in |
| N.m | 1 | 0.1019716 | 8.85072 |
| kgf.m | 9.80665 | 1 | 86.79589 |
| lb.in | 0.112985 | 0.0115213 | 1 |
| Dynamic Viscosity | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit/Unit | m2/s | cSt (mm2/s) | St (cm2/s) |
| m2/s | 1 | 1,000,000 | 10,000 |
| cSt (mm2/s) | 0.000001 | 1 | 0.01 |
| St (cm2/s) | 0.0001 | 100 | 1 |
| Power | Force | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit/Unit | kw | HP | Unit/Unit | N | kgf |
| kw | 1 | 1.3404826 | N | 1 | 0.1019716 |
| HP | 0.746 | 1 | kgf | 9.80665 | 1 |
| Temperature |
|---|
| ℉=9/5℃+32 |
Hydraulic Components and Parts (6)
The “Drain” cooling method can only relieve part of the heat created by variable displacement pumps, whereby the remaining heat, from pump main-outlet to the working systems, will gradually increase the oil heat. Most people always focused on the fact that oil heat from the pump “Drain-Port” requires more attention, without realizing that the oil temperature level, from pump main-outlet, actually increases gradually and it also requires a similar attention.
| SOLTECH | CETOP | ISO | NFPA-NEW | NFPA-OLD | DIN-24340 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWG-02 | 3 | 03 | D03 | D01 | NG 6 |
| SWG-03 | 5 | 05 | D05 | D02 | NG 10 |
| DSHG-04 | 7 | 07 | D07 | D04 | NG 16 |
| DSHG-06 | 8 | 08 | D08 | D06 | NG 25 |
| DSHG-10 | 10 | 10 | D10 | D10 | NG 32 |
| CETOP | Full Name: | Comite’ Europe’en des Transmissions Ole’ohydrauliques et Pneumatiques |
|---|---|---|
| A European trade association representing various country organizations similar to the NFPA in the U.S.A., BFPA in England, VDMA in Germany…. | ||
| ISO | Full Name: | Internation Organization for Standardization |
|---|---|---|
| The Internation Standards Organization establishes the ISO interface standards. | ||
| NFPA | Full Name: | National Fluid Power Association of the U.S.A. |
|---|---|---|
| NFPA is building a seamless and inclusive association that can serve as a collective voice for all channel partners in building our industry. | ||
| DIN-24340 | Full Name: | Deutsches Institut f�r Normung |
|---|---|---|
| NG code related to port diameter expressed in millimeters. It’s part of Germany “DIN” standard(SIMILAR TO ANSI-American National Standards Institute) and covers port size only. It doesn’t relate to the configuration of the rest of the interface. N.G translates to the configuration of the rest of the interface. N.G translates to nominal size. |
||
Basically a “Separate” cooling method is advisable. If a “Return-Line” cooling method is used, a “by-pass” system is required, and in the case of incorrect installation, it may cause a cooler failure. In applying this method, one has to install a small pump, where the heated oil is circulated through the cooler and returns the oil back to the reservoir. This system has no pressure peaks within the hydraulic system. It will provide a safe & positive result. An economic coolant pump can be used in this “Separate” cooling system. In the case of a “Return-Line” cooling method being selected, please refer to your supplier for further assistance.
Most people felt that “Air-Oil Cooler” could only be effectively applied to lower Horse Power(HP) hydraulic systems, but with today’s technology, “Air-Oil Cooler” cooling system becomes more efficient for Heat Exchanger solutions. As a result, it could work with higher Horse Power(HP). e.g.: Even an “Air-Oil Cooler” unit with a single fan is able to work efficiently in a 100 HP Hydraulic Power Unit
The “Return-Line”cooling method is commonly used in China & Taiwan while the “Separate” cooling method is commonly used in USA & EUROPE. That is because, in China & Taiwan, hydraulic companies are using the assembling methods of “Water-Oil Cooler’ for “Air-Oil Cooler” application. you can find the disadvantages of using “Return-Line” cooling method in the following:
1). The absence of a “by-pass” or an incorrect cooling “by-pass” installation, may cause the cooler to burst.
2). Check Valve spring damage, caused by “Return-Line” flow action.
3). Inconsistency of heated oil from “Return-Line” flow will cause a negative effect on the hydraulic system.
4). Further to these factor, production stoppages fro repair purposes
“Separate” cooling method does not relate direct to the hydraulic system therefore will not have a negative effect despite the above disadvantages factors, because it is a separate unit entity by itself. Also the cooler unit failure will not effect the hydraulic operating system.
Flow Rate is one of the common ways that is mostly used to select a “Water-Oil Cooler” cooling system with no specific reason.Flow Rate is unable to provide a specific measurement of heat. Cooling is a supplementary support to Hydraulic systems and not just a part of the Hydraulic Components. Therefore a design and selection work is required before purchasing. For cooling measurement, equilibrium between the heat created by an Hydraulic system and the heat dissipated by a cooling unit is required.
Hydraulic Fluid Knowledge (4)
| ISO Code | NAS 1638 |
|---|---|
| 19/16 | 10 |
| 18/15 | 9 |
| 17/14 | 8 |
| 16/13 | 7 |
| 15/12 | 6 |
| 14/12 | |
| 14/11 | 5 |
| 13/10 | 4 |
| 12/9 | 3 |
| 11/8 | 2 |
| 10/8 | |
| 10/7 | 1 |
| 10/6 | |
| 9/6 | 0 |
| Components | ISO Code |
|---|---|
| Servo control valves | 17/14/11 |
| Proportional valves | 18/15/12 |
| Vane and piston pumps/motors | 19/16/13 |
| Directional & pressure control valves | 19/16/13 |
| Gear pumps/motors | 20/17/14 |
| Flow control valves, cylinders | 21/18/15 |
| New unused fluid | 21/18/15 |
The ISO 4406:1999 (International Standards Organization) cleanliness level standard has gained wide acceptance in most industries today. This standard references the number of particles greater than 4, 6, and 14 micrometers in a known volume, usually 1 milliliter or 100 milliliters. The number of 4+ and 6+ micrometer particles is used as a reference point for “silt” particles. The 14+ size range indicates the quantity of larger particles present which contribute greatly to possible catastrophic component failure. Please refer to the following explanation:
An ISO classification of 19/16/13 can be defined as following:
| 5μm < Particles < 15μm (Number of particles per ml) | Range Number | |
|---|---|---|
| More than | Up to and including | |
| 80,000 | 160,000 | 24 |
| 40,000 | 80,000 | 23 |
| 20,000 | 40,000 | 22 |
| 10,000 | 20,000 | 21 |
| 5,000 | 10,000 | 20 |
| 2,500 | 5,000 | 19 |
| 1,300 | 2,500 | 18 |
| 640 | 1,300 | 17 |
| 320 | 640 | 16 |
| 160 | 320 | 15 |
| 80 | 160 | 14 |
| 40 | 80 | 13 |
| 20 | 40 | 12 |
| 10 | 20 | 11 |
| 5 | 10 | 10 |
| 2.5 | 5 | 9 |
| 1.3 | 2.5 | 8 |
| .64 | 1.3 | 7 |
| .32 | .64 | 6 |
| .16 | .32 | 5 |
| .08 | .16 | 4 |
| .04 | .08 | 3 |
| .02 | .04 | 2 |
| .01 | .02 | 1 |
Hydraulic Valve (1)
| SOLTECH | CETOP | ISO | NFPA-NEW | NFPA-OLD | DIN-24340 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWG-02 | 3 | 03 | D03 | D01 | NG 6 |
| SWG-03 | 5 | 05 | D05 | D02 | NG 10 |
| DSHG-04 | 7 | 07 | D07 | D04 | NG 16 |
| DSHG-06 | 8 | 08 | D08 | D06 | NG 25 |
| DSHG-10 | 10 | 10 | D10 | D10 | NG 32 |
| CETOP | Full Name: | Comite’ Europe’en des Transmissions Ole’ohydrauliques et Pneumatiques |
|---|---|---|
| A European trade association representing various country organizations similar to the NFPA in the U.S.A., BFPA in England, VDMA in Germany…. | ||
| ISO | Full Name: | Internation Organization for Standardization |
|---|---|---|
| The Internation Standards Organization establishes the ISO interface standards. | ||
| NFPA | Full Name: | National Fluid Power Association of the U.S.A. |
|---|---|---|
| NFPA is building a seamless and inclusive association that can serve as a collective voice for all channel partners in building our industry. | ||
| DIN-24340 | Full Name: | Deutsches Institut f�r Normung |
|---|---|---|
| NG code related to port diameter expressed in millimeters. It’s part of Germany “DIN” standard(SIMILAR TO ANSI-American National Standards Institute) and covers port size only. It doesn’t relate to the configuration of the rest of the interface. N.G translates to the configuration of the rest of the interface. N.G translates to nominal size. |
||
World Voltage Guide & Country Code (1)
| Item | 國家 | COUNTRY | VOLTAGE (電壓) |
FREQUENCY (頻率) |
COUNTRY CODE (國家代碼TEL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 阿富汗 | Afghanistan | 220V | 50 Hz | 93 |
| 2 | 阿爾巴尼亞 | Albania | 220V* | 50 Hz | 355 |
| 3 | 阿爾及利亞 | Algeria | 230V | 50 Hz | 213 |
| 4 | 美洲薩摩亞 | American Samoa | 120V | 60 Hz | |
| 5 | 安道爾 | Andorra | 230V | 50Hz | 376 |
| 6 | 安哥拉 | Angola | 220V | 50 Hz | 244 |
| 7 | 安圭拉 | Anguilla | 110V | 60Hz | 1-264 |
| 8 | 安地卡 | Antigua | 230V* | 60 Hz | 1-268 |
| 9 | 阿根廷 | Argentina | 220V | 50 Hz | 54 |
| 10 | 亞美尼亞 | Armenia | 220V | 50 Hz | 374 |
| 11 | 阿盧巴島 | Aruba | 127V* | 60 Hz | 297 |
| 12 | 澳洲 | Australia | 230V* | 50 Hz | 61 |
| 13 | 奧地利 | Austria | 230V | 50 Hz | 43 |
| 14 | 亞塞拜然 | Azerbaijan | 220V | 50 Hz | 994 |
| 15 | 亞速爾群島 | Azores | 220V* | 50 Hz | |
| 16 | 巴哈馬 | Bahamas | 120V | 60 Hz | 1-242 |
| 17 | 巴林 | Bahrain | 230V* | 50 Hz* | 973 |
| 18 | 巴利阿里群島 | Balearic Islands | 220V | 50 Hz | |
| 19 | 孟加拉國 | Bangladesh | 220V | 50 Hz | 880 |
| 20 | 巴布達 | Barbados | 115V | 50 Hz | 1-246 |
| 21 | 白俄羅斯 | Belarus | 220V | 50 Hz | 375 |
| 22 | 比利時 | Belgium | 230V | 50 Hz | 32 |
| 23 | 貝里斯 | Belize | 110/220V | 60 Hz | 501 |
| 24 | 貝南 | Benin | 220V | 50 Hz | 229 |
| 25 | 百慕達 | Bermuda | 120V | 60 Hz | 1-441 |
| 26 | 不丹 | Bhutan | 230V | 50 Hz | 975 |
| 27 | 玻利維亞 | Bolivia | 220/230V* | 50 Hz | 591 |
| 28 | 波士尼亞 | Bosnia | 220V | 50 Hz | 387 |
| 29 | 波札那 | Botswana | 231V | 50 Hz | 267 |
| 30 | 巴西 | Brazil | 110/220V* | 60 Hz | 55 |
| 31 | 汶萊 | Brunei | 240V | 50 Hz | 673 |
| 32 | 保加利亞 | Bulgaria | 230V | 50 Hz | 359 |
| 33 | 布基那法索國 | Burkina Faso | 220V | 50 Hz | 226 |
| 34 | 布隆迪 | Burundi | 220V | 50 Hz | 257 |
| 35 | 柬埔寨 | Cambodia | 230V | 50 Hz | 855 |
| 36 | 卡麥隆 | Cameroon | 220V | 50 Hz | 237 |
| 37 | 加拿大 | Canada | 120V | 60 Hz | 1 |
| 38 | 加那利群島 | Canary Islands | 220V | 50 Hz | |
| 39 | 維德角 | Cape Verde | 220V | 50 Hz | 238 |
| 40 | 開曼群島 | Cayman Islands | 120V | 60 Hz | 1-345 |
| 41 | 中非 | Central African Republic | 220V | 50 Hz | 236 |
| 42 | 查德 | Chad | 220V | 50Hz | 235 |
| 43 | Channel 島 | Channel Islands | 230V | 50 Hz | |
| 44 | 智利 | Chile | 220V | 50 Hz | 56 |
| 45 | 中國 | China, People’s Republic of | 220V | 50 Hz | 86 |
| 46 | 哥倫比亞 | Colombia | 110V | 60Hz | 57 |
| 47 | 科摩羅 | Comoros | 220V | 50 Hz | 269 |
| 48 | 剛果(人民共和國) | Congo, People’s Rep. of | 230V | 50 Hz | 242 |
| 49 | 剛果共和國(前扎伊爾) | Congo, Dem. Rep. of (former Zaire) | 220V | 50 Hz | |
| 50 | 庫克群島 | Cook Islands | 240V | 50 Hz | 682 |
| 51 | 哥斯大黎加 | Costa Rica | 120V | 60 Hz | 506 |
| 52 | 象牙海岸 | Ivory Coast | 220V | 50 Hz | |
| 53 | 克羅埃西亞 | Croatia | 230V | 50Hz | 385 |
| 54 | 古巴 | Cuba | 110/220V | 60Hz | 53 |
| 55 | 塞普勒斯 | Cyprus | 240V | 50 Hz | 357 |
| 56 | 捷克 | Czech Republic | 230V | 50 Hz | 420 |
| 57 | 丹麥 | Denmark | 230V | 50 Hz | 45 |
| 58 | 吉布地 | Djibouti | 220V | 50 Hz | 253 |
| 59 | 多米尼克 | Dominica | 230V | 50 Hz | 1-767 |
| 60 | 多米尼加共和國 | Dominican Republic | 110V | 60 Hz | 1-809 |
| 61 | 東帝汶 | East Timor | 220V | 50 Hz | 670 |
| 62 | 厄瓜多 | Ecuador | 120-127V | 60 Hz | 593 |
| 63 | 埃及 | Egypt | 220V | 50 Hz | 20 |
| 64 | 薩爾瓦多 | El Salvador | 115V | 60 Hz | 503 |
| 65 | 赤道幾內亞 | Equatorial Guinea | 220V* | 50 Hz | 240 |
| 66 | 厄立特里亞(非洲一國家) | Eritrea | 230V | 50 Hz | 291 |
| 67 | 愛沙尼亞 | Estonia | 230V | 50 Hz | 372 |
| 68 | 衣索比亞 | Ethiopia | 220V | 50 Hz | 251 |
| 69 | 法羅島 | Faeroe Islands | 220V | 50 Hz | 298 |
| 70 | 福克蘭群島 | Falkland Islands | 240V | 50 Hz | 500 |
| 71 | 斐濟 | Fiji | 240V | 50 Hz | 679 |
| 72 | 芬蘭 | Finland | 230V | 50 Hz | 358 |
| 73 | 法國 | France | 230V | 50 Hz | 33 |
| 74 | 法屬圭亞那 | French Guiana | 220V | 50 Hz | 584 |
| 75 | 加彭 | Gabon | 220V | 50 Hz | 241 |
| 76 | 岡比亞 | Gambia | 230V | 50 Hz | 220 |
| 77 | 德國 | Germany | 230V | 50 Hz | 49 |
| 78 | 迦納 | Ghana | 230V | 50 Hz | 233 |
| 79 | 直布羅陀 | Gibraltar | 240V | 50 Hz | 350 |
| 80 | 希臘 | Greece | 220V | 50 Hz | 30 |
| 81 | 格陵蘭 | Greenland | 220V | 50 Hz | 299 |
| 82 | 格瑞那達 | Grenada (Windward Is.) | 230V | 50 Hz | 1-473 |
| 83 | 瓜德羅普島 | Guadeloupe | 230V | 50 Hz | 1-590 |
| 84 | 關島 | Guam | 110V | 60Hz | 1-671 |
| 85 | 瓜地馬拉 | Guatemala | 120V | 60 Hz | 502 |
| 86 | 基尼 | Guinea | 220V | 50 Hz | |
| 87 | 幾內亞比索 | Guinea-Bissau | 220V | 50 Hz | 245 |
| 88 | 圭亞那 | Guyana | 240V* | 60 Hz* | 592 |
| 89 | 海地 | Haiti | 110V | 60 Hz | 509 |
| 90 | 洪都拉斯 | Honduras | 110V | 60 Hz | 504 |
| 91 | 香港 | Hong Kong | 220V* | 50 Hz | 852 |
| 92 | 匈牙利 | Hungary | 230V | 50 Hz | 36 |
| 93 | 冰島 | Iceland | 220V | 50 Hz | 354 |
| 94 | 印度 | India | 230V | 50 Hz | 91 |
| 95 | 印度尼西亞 | Indonesia | 127/230V* | 50 Hz | 62 |
| 96 | 伊朗 | Iran | 230V | 50 Hz | 98 |
| 97 | 伊拉克 | Iraq | 230V | 50 Hz | 964 |
| 98 | 愛爾蘭(Eire) | Ireland (Eire) | 230V | 50 Hz | 353 |
| 99 | 人小島 | Isle of Man | 240V | 50 Hz | |
| 100 | 以色列 | Israel | 230V | 50 Hz | 972 |
| 101 | 義大利 | Italy | 230V | 50 Hz | 39 |
| 102 | 象牙海岸 | Ivory Coast | 225 | ||
| 103 | 牙買加 | Jamaica | 110V | 50 Hz | 1-876 |
| 104 | 日本 | Japan | 100V | 50/60 Hz* | 81 |
| 105 | 喬丹 | Jordan | 230V | 50 Hz | 962 |
| 106 | 肯亞 | Kenya | 240V | 50 Hz | 254 |
| 107 | 哈薩克 | Kazakhstan | 220V | 50 Hz | 7 |
| 108 | 吉里巴斯 | Kiribati | 240V | 50 Hz | 686 |
| 109 | 南韓 | Korea, South | 220V | 60 Hz | 82 |
| 110 | 科威特 | Kuwait | 240V | 50 Hz | 965 |
| 111 | 寮國 | Laos | 230V | 50 Hz | 856 |
| 112 | 拉脫維亞 | Latvia | 220V | 50 Hz | 371 |
| 113 | 黎巴嫩 | Lebanon | 110/220V | 50 Hz | 961 |
| 114 | 賴索托 | Lesotho | 220V | 50 Hz | 266 |
| 115 | 賴比瑞亞 | Liberia | 120V | 60 Hz | 231 |
| 116 | 利比亞 | Libya | 127V* | 50 Hz | 218 |
| 117 | 立陶宛 | Lithuania | 220V | 50 Hz | 370 |
| 118 | 列支敦斯登 | Liechtenstein | 230V | 50 Hz | 423 |
| 119 | 盧森堡 | Luxembourg | 220V | 50 Hz | 352 |
| 120 | 澳門 | Macau | 220V | 50 Hz | 853 |
| 121 | 馬其頓 | Macedonia | 220V | 50 Hz | 389 |
| 122 | 馬達加斯加 | Madagascar | 220V | 50 Hz | 261 |
| 123 | 馬德拉島 | Madeira | 220V | 50 Hz | |
| 124 | 馬拉維 | Malawi | 230V | 50 Hz | 265 |
| 125 | 馬來西亞 | Malaysia | 240V | 50 Hz | 60 |
| 126 | 馬爾地夫 | Maldives | 230V | 50 Hz | 960 |
| 127 | 馬里 | Mali | 220V | 50 Hz | 223 |
| 128 | 馬耳他 | Malta | 240V | 50 Hz | 356 |
| 129 | 馬提尼克島 | Martinique | 220V | 50 Hz | 596 |
| 130 | 茅利塔尼亞 | Mauritania | 220V | 50 Hz | 222 |
| 131 | 模里西斯 | Mauritius | 230V | 50 Hz | 230 |
| 132 | 墨西哥 | Mexico | 127V | 60 Hz | 52 |
| 133 | 密克羅西亞島(聯邦政府) | Micronesia (Federal States of) | 120V | 60 Hz | 691 |
| 134 | 摩納哥 | Monaco | 127/220V | 50 Hz | 377 |
| 135 | 蒙古 | Mongolia | 230V | 50 Hz | 976 |
| 136 | 蒙哲臘島 | Montserrat (Leeward Is.) | 230V | 60 Hz | 1-644 |
| 137 | 摩洛哥 | Morocco | 127/220V* | 50 Hz | 212 |
| 138 | 莫三比克 | Mozambique | 220V | 50 Hz | 258 |
| 139 | 緬甸 | Myanmar (formerly Burma) | 230V | 50 Hz | 95 |
| 140 | 納米比亞 | Namibia | 220V | 50 Hz | 264 |
| 141 | 諾魯 | Nauru | 240V | 50 Hz | 674 |
| 142 | 尼泊爾 | Nepal | 230V | 50 Hz | 977 |
| 143 | 荷蘭 | Netherlands | 230V | 50 Hz | 31 |
| 144 | 荷屬安地列斯群島 | Netherlands Antilles | 127/220V* | 50 Hz | 599 |
| 145 | 新卡里多尼亞 | New Caledonia | 220V | 50 Hz | 687 |
| 146 | 紐西蘭 | New Zealand | 230V | 50 Hz | 64 |
| 147 | 尼加拉瓜 | Nicaragua | 120V | 60 Hz | 505 |
| 148 | 尼日 | Niger | 220V | 50 Hz | 227 |
| 149 | 奈及利亞 | Nigeria | 240V | 50 Hz | 234 |
| 150 | 挪威 | Norway | 230V | 50 Hz | 47 |
| 151 | 沖繩島 | Okinawa | 100V* | 60 Hz | |
| 152 | 阿曼 | Oman | 240V* | 50 Hz | 968 |
| 153 | 巴基斯坦 | Pakistan | 230V | 50 Hz | 92 |
| 154 | Palmyra 環礁 | Palmyra Atoll | 120V | 60Hz | |
| 155 | 巴拿馬 | Panama | 110V* | 60 Hz | 507 |
| 156 | 巴布亞紐幾內亞 | Papua New Guinea | 240V | 50 Hz | 675 |
| 157 | 巴拉圭 | Paraguay | 220V | 50 Hz | 595 |
| 158 | 秘魯 | Peru | 220V* | 60 Hz* | 51 |
| 159 | 菲律賓 | Philippines | 220V | 60 Hz | 63 |
| 160 | 波蘭 | Poland | 230V | 50 Hz | 48 |
| 161 | 葡萄牙 | Portugal | 230V | 50 Hz | 351 |
| 162 | 波多里哥 | Puerto Rico | 120V | 60 Hz | 1-787 |
| 163 | 卡達 | Qatar | 240V | 50 Hz | 974 |
| 164 | 留尼旺島 | Reunion Island | 220V | 50Hz | 262 |
| 165 | 羅馬尼亞 | Romania | 230V | 50 Hz | 40 |
| 166 | 俄羅斯 | Russian Federation | 220V | 50 Hz | 7 |
| 167 | 盧安達 | Rwanda | 230V | 50 Hz | 250 |
| 168 | St. Kitts 和Nevis | St. Kitts and Nevis (Leeward Is.) | 230V | 60 Hz | 1-869 |
| 169 | St. Lucia | St. Lucia (Windward Is.) | 240V | 50 Hz | 378 |
| 170 | St. Vincent | St. Vincent (Windward Is.) | 230V | 50 Hz | 1-758 |
| 171 | 沙烏地阿拉伯 | Saudi Arabia | 127/220V | 60 Hz | 966 |
| 172 | 塞內加爾 | Senegal | 230V | 50 Hz | 221 |
| 173 | 塞爾維亞Montenegro | Serbia-Montenegro | 220V | 50 Hz | 381 |
| 174 | 塞舌爾群島 | Seychelles | 240V | 50 Hz | 248 |
| 175 | 獅子山 | Sierra Leone | 230V | 50 Hz | 232 |
| 176 | 新加坡 | Singapore | 230V | 50 Hz | 65 |
| 177 | 斯洛伐克 | Slovak Republic | 230V | 50 Hz | 421 |
| 178 | 斯洛維尼亞 | Slovenia | 220V | 50 Hz | 386 |
| 179 | 索馬利亞 | Somalia | 220V* | 50 Hz | 252 |
| 180 | 南非 | South Africa | 220/230V* | 50 Hz | 27 |
| 181 | 西班牙 | Spain | 230V | 50 Hz | 34 |
| 182 | 斯里蘭卡 | Sri Lanka | 230V | 50 Hz | 94 |
| 183 | 蘇丹 | Sudan | 230V | 50 Hz | 249 |
| 184 | 蘇里南 | Suriname | 127V | 60 Hz | 597 |
| 185 | 史瓦濟蘭 | Swaziland | 230V | 50 Hz | 268 |
| 186 | 瑞典 | Sweden | 230V | 50 Hz | 46 |
| 187 | 瑞士 | Switzerland | 230V | 50 Hz | 41 |
| 188 | 敘利亞 | Syria | 220V | 50 Hz | 963 |
| 189 | 塔希提島 | Tahiti | 110/220V | 60 Hz | |
| 190 | 塔吉克 | Tajikistan | 220V | 50 Hz | 992 |
| 191 | 臺灣 | Taiwan | 110V | 60 Hz | 886 |
| 192 | 坦桑尼亞 | Tanzania | 230V | 50 Hz | |
| 193 | 泰國 | Thailand | 220V | 50 Hz | 66 |
| 194 | 多哥 | Togo | 220V* | 50 Hz | 228 |
| 195 | 東加 | Tonga | 240V | 50 Hz | 676 |
| 196 | 特立尼達& 多巴哥 | Trinidad & Tobago | 115V | 60 Hz | 1-868 |
| 197 | 突尼西亞 | Tunisia | 230V | 50 Hz | 216 |
| 198 | 土耳其 | Turkey | 230V | 50 Hz | 90 |
| 199 | 土庫曼 | Turkmenistan | 220V | 50 Hz | 993 |
| 200 | 烏干達 | Uganda | 240V | 50 Hz | 256 |
| 201 | 烏克蘭 | Ukraine | 220V | 50 Hz | 380 |
| 202 | 阿拉伯聯合酋長國 | United Arab Emirates | 220V* | 50 Hz | 971 |
| 203 | 英國 | United Kingdom | 230V* | 50 Hz | 44 |
| 204 | 美國 | United States of America | 120V | 60 Hz | 1 |
| 205 | 烏拉圭 | Uruguay | 220V | 50 Hz | 598 |
| 206 | 烏茲別克斯坦 | Uzbekistan | 220V | 50 Hz | 998 |
| 207 | 萬那杜 | Vanuatu | 230V | 50 Hz | 678 |
| 208 | 委內瑞拉 | Venezuela | 120V | 60 Hz | 58 |
| 209 | 越南 | Vietnam | 127/220V* | 50 Hz | 84 |
| 210 | 維京群島 | Virgin Islands (British and U.S.) | 115V | 60 Hz | 1284 |
| 211 | 西薩摩亞 | Western Samoa | 230V | 50 Hz | |
| 212 | 葉門共和國 | Yemen, Rep. of | 220/230V | 50 Hz | 967 |
| 213 | 南斯拉夫(前) | Yugoslavia (Former) | 220V | 50 Hz | |
| 214 | 尚比亞 | Zambia | 230V | 50 Hz | 260 |
| 215 | 辛巴威 | Zimbabwe | 220V | 50 Hz | 263 |